To visit Egypt, the type of visa you require depends on your nationality and the purpose of your visit. Here are the most common options:

Visa-Free Entry: Citizens of certain countries, including UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, do not need a visa for short stays (usually up to 90 days).

E-Visa:
Many nationalities, including those from the United States, Canada, Australia, and most EU countries, can apply for an e-Visa online. It is available for both single-entry and multiple-entry stays of up to 30 days. The application process is done through Egypt's official e-Visa portal, which generally processes applications within a few days.

Visa on Arrival:
Travelers from certain countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, can obtain a visa on arrival at Egyptian airports. This visa is valid for 30 days and typically costs $25 USD for a single-entry visa. It’s advisable to carry the exact amount in cash (USD).

Embassy Visa:
Some travelers who are not eligible for an e-Visa or visa on arrival will need to apply for a visa through their local Egyptian consulate or embassy. The process typically involves providing documents such as a completed visa application, passport photos, and proof of travel arrangements.

Additional Requirements:
Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay.
Travelers are sometimes required to provide proof of onward or return travel, as well as sufficient funds for their stay.

Long-Term and Special Visas:
If you plan to stay in Egypt for longer than 30 days, or for reasons like work, study, or research, you’ll need to apply for a long-term visa or permit through the Egyptian embassy before your trip.

For the most accurate and up-to-date information, it's always best to consult the official Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website or visit the nearest Egyptian consulate.

Egypt has faced several terrorist attacks in recent years, primarily in the North Sinai Peninsula, where militant groups like ISIS-affiliated Wilayat Sinai are active.

These groups target security forces, government infrastructure, and occasionally civilians. One of the deadliest attacks occurred in November 2017, when gunmen attacked the Al-Rawda Mosque in North Sinai, killing over 300 worshippers. In August 2021, militants targeted a military checkpoint in North Sinai, resulting in several casualties. Urban areas like Cairo have also seen attacks, such as the 2019 bombing near the Cairo Institute for Oncology, which killed at least 20 people.

While attacks in major cities and tourist areas have decreased due to heightened security measures, the North Sinai region remains a hotbed of militant activity. The Egyptian government has significantly increased its military presence in these areas to combat terrorism, and travel to North Sinai is strongly discouraged.

Tourist Areas and Security:
Egypt’s tourist regions, including Cairo, Luxor, Aswan, and Sharm El-Sheikh, have witnessed fewer attacks in recent years, largely due to enhanced security measures, such as increased police presence and strict checkpoints around key sites. However, Egypt’s tourism sector was heavily affected in the past by attacks targeting tourists, such as the 2015 bombing of a Russian plane that departed from Sharm El-Sheikh, killing all 224 passengers on board. This incident led to heightened international concern and a temporary ban on flights to certain Egyptian locations, though this ban has since been lifted.

Government Response:
The Egyptian government has implemented extensive counter-terrorism efforts, particularly in North Sinai, where the military is actively engaged in operations against militant groups. The government works closely with international allies, including the United States and Israel, to combat the threat of terrorism. The focus has been on disrupting terrorist networks, protecting critical infrastructure, and securing tourist areas.

Before visiting Egypt, it's essential to ensure you're up to date on several vaccinations and immunizations to protect against potential health risks. Here are the recommended vaccines:

Routine Vaccinations: Make sure you're up to date on standard vaccines, including:
- Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP)
- Polio
- Influenza

Hepatitis A: This is recommended for all travelers, as you can contract Hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Egypt.

Hepatitis B: If you plan to have close contact with local residents or engage in activities that may expose you to bodily fluids, such as healthcare work, this vaccine is recommended.

Typhoid: Particularly advised if you're traveling to rural areas or eating outside of major tourist hubs where food hygiene may be less regulated.

Rabies: While not common in urban centers, rabies vaccination is recommended if you plan to engage in outdoor activities, such as hiking or camping, or if you expect to be in close contact with animals.

It's always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider or travel clinic at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to Egypt, to ensure you're fully protected based on your specific health history and travel itinerary.

Public Transportation in Egypt:
Cairo has a well-developed metro system, which is affordable, reliable, and the most efficient way to navigate the city. The metro operates on three lines and connects key areas. Buses and minibuses are also widely available throughout Egypt, but they can be crowded, with irregular schedules and stops that are not always marked. Taxis are common, though you should insist on using the meter or agree on a price beforehand. Ride-hailing apps like Uber and Careem are popular alternatives and offer more reliable pricing and convenience, particularly in urban centers.

For intercity travel, trains link major cities like Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, and Aswan. The Egyptian National Railways system offers a range of ticket classes, from basic to first-class, but trains can be slow and schedules are sometimes unpredictable. Long-distance buses are another option, with services provided by companies like Go Bus and SuperJet, offering relatively comfortable and affordable transport between major cities.

Driving in Egypt:
To drive in Egypt, tourists can use an International Driving Permit (IDP) along with their national driving license for up to six months. After that, you may need to apply for an Egyptian driving license. Road conditions in major cities are generally fair but can be challenging due to congested traffic, aggressive driving habits, and the frequent disregard for traffic laws. Pedestrian crossings are rarely respected, and vehicles often change lanes unpredictably. Road signs and traffic signals are present in urban areas, but drivers may not always follow them.

In rural areas, roads may be less maintained, with potholes and uneven surfaces, and road signs might be in Arabic only. Driving at night outside major cities can be dangerous due to poor lighting, stray animals, and unpredictable driving behavior. Car rentals are available, but it is highly recommended to use GPS navigation or hire a local driver if unfamiliar with the road conditions and traffic culture.

Recommendations:
Use the metro in Cairo for convenient and fast travel.
For taxis, negotiate the fare in advance or use a ride-hailing app to avoid overcharging.
If renting a car, be cautious, especially outside cities, and drive defensively due to local driving habits.
Avoid driving at night, especially in rural areas or less developed regions.