Mongolia Travel Advice
Mongolia is a landlocked country located in East and Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south.
Known for its vast steppes, mountainous regions, and the Gobi Desert, Mongolia covers an area of over 1.5 million square kilometers, making it one of the least densely populated countries in the world. Its climate is characterized by harsh winters and short, warm summers, with temperature extremes that can range from -30°C (-22°F) in winter to 40°C (104°F) in summer.
Mongolia has a population of around 3.3 million people, with nearly half residing in the capital, Ulaanbaatar. The majority of the population are ethnic Mongols, specifically of the Khalkha group, though there are minority groups such as Kazakhs, particularly in the western regions. Buddhism, especially Tibetan Buddhism, is the primary religion, alongside a significant practice of shamanism and a small Muslim population among the Kazakh minority.
Mongolia’s culture is deeply rooted in its nomadic heritage, with around 30% of the population still leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. Traditional elements, such as the ger (yurt), horse culture, and Naadam Festival—which celebrates wrestling, archery, and horse racing—reflect Mongolia’s strong connection to its heritage. Hospitality is highly valued, and visitors to Mongolia are often welcomed warmly, especially in rural areas.
Mongolia’s economy has grown significantly over the past decade, driven largely by its mining industry. The country has rich reserves of minerals like coal, copper, gold, and uranium, which have attracted foreign investment, particularly from China. This reliance on mining, however, makes the economy highly susceptible to fluctuations in global commodity prices and creates environmental challenges.
Apart from mining, agriculture, especially livestock herding, plays a crucial role, with sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and horses being raised for meat, milk, and wool. Mongolia has been working to diversify its economy, promoting sectors like tourism and renewable energy. However, rural poverty and infrastructure challenges remain significant issues.
Mongolia’s natural beauty, unique culture, and nomadic traditions make it an attractive destination for adventurous travelers, Ulaanbaatar the capital is a blend of traditional and modern, with historic Buddhist monasteries, museums, and Soviet-era architecture alongside modern buildings and shopping centers. The countries Gobi Desert is known for its dramatic landscapes, sand dunes, and unique wildlife like the Bactrian camel, the Gobi Desert offers an adventurous experience with opportunities to explore fossil sites and nomadic camps.
Visiting Mongolia FAQsHire a bodyguard in Mongolia
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Key Information for Mongolia
Emergency Services
Police emergency: 102
Medical emergency: 103
Fire emergency: 101
Country Overview
Capital City: Ulaanbaatar
Official State Language(s): Mongolian
Official State Religion(s): Buddhism
State Currency: Mongolian tögrög (MNT)
Current Capital Time:
How safe is Mongolia?
Mongolia is generally regarded as a safe country with a stable political environment, minimal violent crime, and no significant history of terrorism.
However, there are several factors that contribute to its security landscape, from petty crime in urban areas to the complexities of its borders with Russia and China.
Crime overview:
In urban areas, especially in Ulaanbaatar, instances of petty crime, such as pickpocketing, bag snatching, and scams, do occur, particularly in crowded spaces like marketplaces, bus stations, and public transportation hubs.
Tourists are advised to exercise caution, keep valuables secure, and avoid displaying expensive items openly. The likelihood of violent crime is low, but typical precautions are recommended.
Organized crime in Mongolia tends to involve local groups focusing on activities like smuggling, illegal mining, and gambling rings, but it rarely impacts tourists. The General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia actively monitors and disrupts organized criminal operations, working with international partners to manage cross-border criminal activities. Occasional incidents related to “ninja mining”—illegal artisanal mining—can lead to confrontations in rural areas, but these rarely affect travelers.
Political Stability and Protests:
Mongolia’s democratic system is stable, and the country has had peaceful political transitions since its transition from socialism in the early 1990s. Occasional political protests and demonstrations do occur, particularly in Ulaanbaatar, typically around election times or economic reforms. These are generally peaceful and well-regulated. Travelers are advised to stay updated on local news and avoid protest areas to minimize potential disruptions.
Border Security and Regional Ties:
Mongolia shares long borders with both Russia and China, making border security a priority. Border areas are generally secure, with Mongolian authorities actively patrolling and monitoring these zones to prevent illegal crossings, smuggling, and other activities. Travelers wishing to visit border areas, particularly in the Altai Mountains or near the Gobi Desert, may need to secure permits.
Mongolia maintains positive diplomatic relations with both Russia and China, balancing trade, energy, and security partnerships. These relationships help reinforce Mongolia's security position and contribute to its economic development.
International Relations and Neutral Foreign Policy:
The country follows a neutral foreign policy, promoting itself as a "third neighbor" in regional relations. This stance has helped Mongolia build strong diplomatic relationships beyond its immediate neighbors, including the US, Japan, and the European Union.
Mongolia participates in United Nations peacekeeping missions and is an active member of international organizations, which contributes to its positive image and stability on the global stage.
Natural Hazards and Environmental Challenges:
Mongolia’s harsh climate presents natural hazards, including extreme cold in winter, with temperatures plummeting below -30°C (-22°F), and sudden dust storms in the Gobi Desert. Seasonal “dzuds” (harsh winters) can lead to heavy livestock losses, impacting rural communities and the economy.
Travelers should prepare for extreme weather conditions by dressing appropriately, monitoring weather updates, and being aware of road closures or transportation delays, particularly in winter.
Mongolia’s vast landscapes, although beautiful, can pose challenges due to their remoteness and limited infrastructure. Travelers venturing into rural or mountainous areas should be well-prepared, ideally traveling with experienced guides or tour operators, as emergency services may be limited in these areas.
Visiting Mongolia FAQsHealth Emergencies in Mongolia
Mongolia's healthcare system has undergone significant reforms since the 1990s, transitioning from a Soviet-style model to one that emphasizes primary healthcare and universal coverage.
Despite these advancements, the country faces challenges in managing health emergencies due to its vast geography, harsh climate, and limited infrastructure.
Healthcare System Overview:
Primary Care: Delivered through family health centers in urban areas and soum (district) health centers in rural regions. These centers focus on preventive care, maternal and child health, and basic medical services. Family health centers are private entities contracted by the government to provide public health services.
Secondary and Tertiary Care: Provided by inter-soum hospitals, regional diagnostic and treatment centers, and specialized hospitals in Ulaanbaatar. These facilities offer specialized medical services and serve as referral centers for complex cases.
Medical Facilities:
Urban Areas: Ulaanbaatar, the capital, houses the majority of specialized hospitals and clinics, including the National Center for Communicable Diseases and the National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center. These institutions are equipped to handle a range of medical conditions and emergencies.
Rural Areas: Healthcare facilities are sparse, with soum health centers often lacking advanced medical equipment and specialized staff. Patients requiring specialized care are typically referred to regional centers or Ulaanbaatar, which can be challenging due to Mongolia's vast distances and limited transportation infrastructure.
Mongolia faces several health emergencies:
Communicable Diseases: Tuberculosis remains a significant public health issue, with Mongolia having one of the highest incidence rates globally. Efforts are ongoing to improve detection and treatment.
Zoonotic Diseases: Given the close interaction between humans and livestock, diseases such as brucellosis and anthrax are concerns. The government collaborates with international organizations to monitor and control outbreaks.
Natural Disasters: Harsh winters, known as "dzuds," can lead to significant livestock deaths, impacting food security and livelihoods. These events strain healthcare resources, particularly in rural areas.
Emergency Preparedness and Response:
Mongolia has made strides in enhancing its health emergency preparedness:
International Health Regulations (IHR): The country has conducted Joint External Evaluations to assess and improve its capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats.
Pandemic Preparedness: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted areas for improvement in emergency response. Efforts are underway to strengthen laboratory capacities, surveillance systems, and healthcare infrastructure.
One Health Approach: Recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, Mongolia is implementing strategies to address health threats comprehensively.
Challenges:
Despite progress, Mongolia's healthcare system faces challenges:
Resource Limitations: Rural health centers often lack essential medical supplies, equipment, and trained personnel.
Geographical Barriers: The vast and sparsely populated landscape makes timely medical evacuations and supply deliveries difficult.
Climate Impact: Extreme weather conditions can disrupt healthcare services and exacerbate health emergencies.
FAQs for visiting Mongolia
You can find the following embassies in Mongolia for the US and UK:
U.S. Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Denver Street #3,
11th Micro-District,
Ulaanbaatar 14190,
Mongolia
Telephone: +97670 076001
Email: [email protected]
British Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Peace Avenue 30,
Bayanzurkh District,
Ulaanbaatar 13381,
Mongolia
Telephone : +97611 458133
Email: [email protected]
As a visitor to Mongolia, the type of visa and entry requirements depend on your nationality, purpose of visit, and intended length of stay. Here’s an expanded guide for UK and US citizens, as well as general entry procedures applicable to most nationalities.
As a British citizen, you do not need a visa to visit Mongolia for tourism purposes for up to 30 days within a six-month period. For stays longer than 30 days, or for purposes such as business, work, or residency, you must apply for the appropriate visa. For more details, contact the Mongolian Embassy in the UK.
As a US citizen, you can enter Mongolia without a visa for stays of up to 90 days. For longer stays, or for purposes such as business, work, or residency, you must apply for the appropriate visa. For more details, contact the Mongolian Embassy in the US.
General Entry Requirements for All Travelers:
Passport Validity: Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your intended departure date from Mongolia.
Registration: If you plan to stay in Mongolia for more than 30 days, you must register with the Mongolian Immigration Agency within seven days of arrival. Your hotel or landlord will register you using an app. If you are traveling independently or staying with friends, you must register yourself with the Mongolian Immigration Agency. You do not need to go in person. The agency will issue you with a digital residence permit that shows your passport number, address, photograph, and fingerprints. Always carry it when you are in Mongolia.
Applying for a Mongolian Visa:
If you require a visa, you can apply through the Mongolian Embassy or Consulate in your country. Alternatively, Mongolia offers an e-visa system for citizens of 98 countries, including the UK and the US. You can apply online for tourist, cultural, or transit visas.
Additional Considerations:
Overstaying: Overstaying your visa or permitted stay can result in fines, detention, and future travel restrictions.
Travel Advisories: Always check the latest travel advisories from your government's foreign affairs department before planning your trip.
For the most current information, consult the official websites of the Mongolian Embassy in your country or the Mongolian Immigration Agency.
Mongolia has maintained a stable security environment with no significant terrorist incidents reported in recent years.
The country has not experienced major terrorist attacks, and the threat level remains low. o enhance its preparedness against potential threats, Mongolia has engaged in proactive measures:
Cybersecurity Initiatives: In November 2021, the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) conducted a national workshop in Ulaanbaatar focused on protecting critical infrastructure from terrorist cyber-attacks. This workshop aimed to raise awareness and strengthen Mongolia's capabilities in cybersecurity.
International Collaboration: Mongolia has participated in regional conferences addressing violent extremism and radicalization. For instance, in June 2019, Ulaanbaatar hosted a conference emphasizing a whole-of-society approach to preventing and countering violent extremism.
These efforts reflect Mongolia's commitment to maintaining its security and addressing potential threats through international cooperation and capacity-building initiatives.
Before traveling to Mongolia, it's important to ensure you're protected against various diseases. The following vaccinations are recommended:
Routine Vaccinations: Ensure that your routine vaccines are up-to-date, including:
Routine Vaccinations:
Ensure you are up to date on all routine vaccinations, including:
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP)
- Polio
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Influenza
Diphtheria and Tetanus Confirm that your booster shots are current.
Recommended Vaccinations:
Hepatitis A: Recommended for most travelers to Mongolia, as the virus can be contracted through contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B: Advised for travelers who might engage in activities that increase exposure risk, such as sexual contact, medical procedures, or getting tattoos or piercings.
Typhoid: Especially important if you plan to visit smaller cities in Mongolia, rural areas, or stay with friends or relatives, where exposure to contaminated food or water is more likely.
Rabies: Considered for those who may have close contact with animals, particularly dogs, or who will be in remote areas where medical care is limited.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Recommended for travelers who plan to spend extensive time in rural or forested areas, especially during the warmer months when ticks are active.
Additional Considerations::
Influenza: The flu vaccine is advisable, especially if you're traveling during the flu season or are at higher risk of complications.
It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider or travel medicine specialist at least 4 to 6 weeks before your trip to discuss your specific itinerary and health needs. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your medical history and planned activities.
Public Transportation in Mongolia:
Mongolia’s public transportation is limited, particularly outside the capital, Ulaanbaatar. While there are some options in urban areas, getting around the vast rural landscapes usually requires private or arranged transport.
Urban Transport (Ulaanbaatar):
Buses and Trolleys: Ulaanbaatar has a public bus and trolleybus network, offering an affordable way to get around the city. Routes cover major areas, but the system can be challenging for visitors unfamiliar with local language or routes. There are route maps and signs at stops, but services may be crowded, especially during peak hours.
Minibuses: Minibuses or “microbuses” serve some routes and suburbs. They are usually privately operated and can be quite crowded, though fares are low.
Taxis and Ride-Hailing: Taxis are available and relatively affordable in Ulaanbaatar. Ride-hailing services like the local app UBCab are also popular, making it easier for visitors to navigate without language barriers. Note that many taxis are unofficial, so it’s wise to confirm fares upfront if no meter is available.
Intercity and Rural Travel:
Long-Distance Buses: Buses connect Ulaanbaatar with other major cities and towns, such as Darkhan and Erdenet. These buses are relatively inexpensive but can be slow and may not be as comfortable as in other countries.
Train Services: Mongolia’s main railway line, the Trans-Mongolian Railway, connects Ulaanbaatar to both Russia and China, with stops in several Mongolian towns. Domestic routes connect Ulaanbaatar to towns like Sainshand and Darkhan. Trains are an option for longer journeys, providing scenic views and basic amenities.
Shared Jeeps and Vans: Due to limited bus and train routes in rural areas, shared jeeps and vans are commonly used for intercity travel. They’re flexible and used to navigate Mongolia's rugged terrain but may be cramped and unpredictable. It’s common to share a vehicle with other passengers, and drivers will wait until the vehicle is full before departing.
Air Travel:
Domestic Flights: For travel across Mongolia’s vast distances, especially between Ulaanbaatar and distant regions like the Gobi Desert, domestic flights are a practical option. Mongolian Airlines (MIAT) and other carriers provide flights to towns like Dalanzadgad (Gobi Desert), Khovd, and Murun, though schedules may be weather-dependent.
Driving in Mongolia:
International Driving Permit (IDP): If you plan to drive in Mongolia, you’ll need an International Driving Permit (IDP) in addition to your valid home country license. Most car rental companies will require this documentation.
Local License Requirements for Long-Term Residents: If you plan to stay in Mongolia for an extended period (e.g., longer than six months), it’s recommended to apply for a local Mongolian license, as the IDP’s validity may be limited.
Road Quality: Roads in Ulaanbaatar and between major cities are generally paved, though they may still be in variable condition with potholes or occasional damage. However, in rural areas, paved roads are rare, and most routes are dirt tracks or unmarked paths.
Traffic in Ulaanbaatar: Ulaanbaatar suffers from heavy traffic congestion, particularly during peak hours. Parking can also be challenging in central areas, and driving standards may differ from what foreign drivers are used to.
Driving in Rural Mongolia: Outside urban areas, driving conditions are challenging. Roads can be rough, and navigating can be difficult without a GPS, as there are few marked roads or signs in rural regions. Travelers should be prepared for the lack of amenities, fuel stations, and repair facilities, especially in remote parts.
Driving Culture: Mongolian drivers may have different driving habits than those in Western countries, so be prepared for occasional aggressive driving, rapid lane changes, and limited use of traffic signals.
Car Rentals: Car rental options are available in Ulaanbaatar, though renting a vehicle in Mongolia can be expensive, particularly for 4x4 vehicles needed for rural areas. It’s highly recommended to rent a vehicle with a local driver if you plan to travel outside the city, as they are familiar with road conditions and local navigation.
Road Safety Tips: Always carry a spare tire, sufficient fuel, water, and an emergency kit if driving in remote areas. It’s also wise to check in with local authorities or tourist agencies before venturing into isolated regions, especially during harsh winter months.
Our closest office
For any enquiries about our security services in Mongolia, please contact our Kuala Lumpur office and our team will assist you.
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Wisma Selangor Dredging, 142C Jalan Ampang
West Block, 15th Floor
50450, Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Telephone: +60 32772 7346
Email: [email protected]
Disclaimer
You are responsible for your own safety abroad and for making the decision to travel. The information contained in this Travel Advice for Mongolia is provided for information only.
Whilst care is taken to ensure that this country brief is as up-to-date and accurate as possible, it is provided on an “as is” basis without any representation or endorsement made and without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Intelligent Protection International Limited does not assume responsibility and shall not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.