The visa requirements for Montenegro depend on your nationality, the purpose of your visit, and the length of your stay. Here’s an overview of common scenarios:

Visa-Free Entry (Tourism, Business, Short Stays):
EU, EEA, and Schengen Area Citizens: Citizens of EU, EEA, and Schengen countries do not need a visa for stays up to 90 days within a 180-day period.

United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and Other Visa-Exempt Countries: Citizens of these countries are also allowed visa-free entry for stays up to 90 days within a 180-day period. This also applies to other countries that have reciprocal visa arrangements with Montenegro.

Extended Stays or Long-Term Visas (More than 90 days):
For stays exceeding 90 days, including study, work, or residence, you will need to apply for a long-stay visa. The specific type of visa will depend on the purpose of your stay (e.g., student, work, or residence permit).

Long-stay visas are typically applied for at Montenegrin embassies or consulates in your home country, and additional documentation, such as proof of purpose (e.g., employment contract, university acceptance letter), may be required.

Transit Visas:
If you are transiting through Montenegro on your way to another destination, check with Montenegrin authorities, as visa-exempt rules generally apply. However, some non-exempt nationalities may need a transit visa if they do not meet visa-free entry requirements.

Special Cases and Other Considerations:
Schengen Visa Holders: Holders of valid Schengen visas (Type C or D) can enter Montenegro without a separate Montenegrin visa for short stays, as long as their Schengen visa remains valid.

Additional Documents: While many travelers don’t require a visa, Montenegro may require you to show proof of funds, return tickets, or accommodation upon arrival.

For more detailed or specific requirements, check with a Montenegrin embassy or consult Montenegro's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Montenegro has not recently experienced direct terrorist attacks, but it has taken measures to address security risks related to terrorism and organized crime, largely due to its geographical position in the Balkans and its role in regional security efforts. The country faces threats from organized crime and some extremist elements, although the terrorism threat remains relatively low.

Recently, Montenegro strengthened its counter-terrorism cooperation with the European Union by signing an updated agreement as part of the Joint Action Plan on Counter-Terrorism. This agreement focuses on enhancing Montenegro’s law enforcement capabilities to handle terrorism-related cases, prevent extremist activities, remove online terrorist content, and track terrorism financing. It is part of a broader regional initiative to bring Montenegro in line with EU standards in these areas.

Internally, Montenegro has also encountered violent events that are sometimes linked to organized crime groups. For instance, rivalries among criminal clans occasionally lead to violent incidents, which, while not terrorism-related, contribute to the country’s security concerns. The government continues to work with international partners to bolster its law enforcement, particularly focusing on organized crime and border security.

Overall, while Montenegro faces security risks typical of its regional environment, it actively collaborates with the EU and NATO to strengthen counter-terrorism and counter-crime measures.

Before traveling to Montenegro, it's advisable to be up-to-date on routine vaccinations and consider additional ones depending on your travel plans and activities. Here’s a general guide:

Routine Vaccinations:
Ensure you are up to date on all routine vaccinations, including:
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP)
- Polio
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Influenza

Hepatitis A:
Hepatitis A is spread through contaminated food or water, and it is recommended for all travelers visiting Montenegro, as it can be contracted even in cities with good sanitation.

Hepatitis B:
Spread through contact with blood or bodily fluids, Hepatitis B is recommended for those who may engage in activities involving close contact with the local population or those requiring medical procedures.

Typhoid:
Typhoid Vaccine: Recommended if you plan to explore rural areas or eat outside major cities, where access to clean food and water can vary.

Rabies:
If you expect to be in remote areas or have potential exposure to wildlife (like hiking or biking), the rabies vaccine may be advisable. Montenegro has some rural areas where exposure to animals like stray dogs could pose a risk.

Other Recommendations:
Ensure you have comprehensive travel health insurance that covers Montenegro, as some vaccines or treatments may not be readily available locally. It’s also a good idea to carry basic medications, as access to specific pharmaceuticals may vary, especially outside urban areas. For specific advice, consulting a healthcare provider or travel clinic is recommended based on personal health history and travel itinerary.

Lyme disease:
Lyme disease, caused by bacteria from tick bites, is present in Montenegro, especially in the north where dense vegetation supports tick populations. Cases were first identified in the 1980s and have gradually increased, particularly in forested areas with abundant wildlife. Outdoor precautions, like using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing, are recommended for travelers.

Public Transportation in Montenegro:
Montenegro’s public transportation system is limited but functional, especially for major routes and tourist destinations. Here’s a breakdown of options and what you can expect when driving in Montenegro:

Buses:
Intercity Connections: Buses are the primary mode of public transport in Montenegro, connecting most cities and towns, especially along the coast and between popular destinations like Podgorica, Budva, Kotor, Herceg Novi, and Bar. The main bus stations in Podgorica and other cities offer multiple routes daily, with additional service during peak tourist seasons. Bus schedules are generally reliable, although routes and frequency may be limited in more rural areas.

Cost and Ticketing: Bus fares are affordable, and tickets can often be purchased directly at the station, from kiosks, or online. It’s best to book tickets ahead for intercity travel during the high tourist season. Local buses in smaller towns, while more limited, provide connections within the area and to nearby villages.

Taxis:
Availability and Pricing: Taxis are widely available in cities and tourist hubs, with relatively low fares by European standards. Taxis are metered, but it’s often best to confirm the approximate fare for longer routes. In popular areas like Kotor and Budva, taxi apps such as "Hello Taxi" make it easy to hail rides and track pricing.

Tips: Since English may not be widely spoken by all drivers, having your destination written in Montenegrin or using map apps to show the driver can be helpful.

Trains:
Routes and Service: Montenegro has a limited train network. The main route connects Bar on the coast to Podgorica and then continues through the scenic mountain landscapes to Belgrade in Serbia. The journey is known for its breathtaking views but is slower than buses, with a few trains running daily.

Train Experience: Though slower and less frequent than bus travel, the train provides a unique experience through Montenegro's mountainous terrain, especially if you're traveling for the scenic value. However, delays are common, and facilities may be basic.

Coastal Access: During the summer season, there are ferry routes and private water taxis operating between coastal towns, particularly across the Bay of Kotor. While limited, this can be a scenic and enjoyable way to travel along the coast, especially for short trips or excursions.

Driving in Montenegro with a Foreign License

License Requirements:
Short Stays: Visitors can drive in Montenegro using their valid foreign driver’s license. For many travelers, especially from the EU and the United States, this suffices for short stays.

International Driving Permit (IDP): An IDP may be required if your driver’s license is not in Latin script. This permit, obtainable in your home country, translates your license information and is valid in conjunction with your original license.

Driving Conditions:
Road Quality: Montenegro’s roads vary significantly in quality. Major routes between cities are generally well-maintained, though they can be narrow and winding, especially in mountainous areas. Roads in rural regions may be less developed, with occasional potholes or limited signage.

Driving Tips: Montenegro's mountainous terrain makes for some narrow, winding roads, especially near Kotor and along the Adriatic coast. Caution is advised, particularly during winter or rainy conditions, when roads can become slippery. In some areas, sharp bends and cliffside routes may be challenging for drivers unaccustomed to mountainous driving.

Traffic and Parking: Traffic in cities is generally manageable, but parking can be challenging in tourist-heavy areas like Budva and Kotor during peak season. Paid parking lots are available in urban areas, and it’s advisable to use them as street parking can be limited. Montenegro has strict rules on drinking and driving, so it’s recommended to avoid alcohol if you plan to drive.

Car Rentals:
Availability and Requirements: Car rentals are widely available in Montenegro, particularly at airports and major cities. A valid driver’s license, passport, and credit card are generally required. Note that drivers under 21 or with less than two years of driving experience may have limited options or additional fees.

Rental Insurance: Most rental companies offer basic insurance, but it's wise to consider additional coverage for theft or damage, especially if you plan to drive in rural areas.

Montenegro’s public transport is effective for main routes, but driving can offer greater flexibility, especially if you plan to explore the country's scenic but less accessible regions. Be prepared for narrow, winding roads in mountain areas and, if you’re renting a car, check if you’ll need an IDP before you travel.