To visit Mauritania, you will need to obtain a visa, depending on your nationality and the purpose of your visit. Here is an overview of the visa options and requirements:

To visit Tanzania, the visa requirements depend on your nationality, the purpose of your visit, and the duration of your stay. Here's a breakdown of the types of visas you might need:

Visa-Exempt Countries:
Citizens of some countries, mainly in East Africa, are visa-exempt and can enter Tanzania without a visa for short stays. For example, citizens of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Namibia can enter without a visa and stay for up to 90 days.

Tourist Visa:
Most foreign visitors, including those from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and most European countries, will need to obtain a tourist visa to enter Tanzania.

The tourist visa is generally valid for up to 90 days and can be applied for either on arrival at Tanzanian entry points or in advance via the Tanzania eVisa system or at a Tanzanian embassy.

Required documents for a tourist visa usually include
- A valid passport (with at least six months validity)
- A completed visa application form
- Proof of travel (such as a return flight ticket)
- Proof of accommodation (like a hotel booking)
- Visa fee, which varies depending on nationality (typically around $50-100 USD)

Visa on Arrival:
Many nationalities are eligible to obtain a visa on arrival at international airports (such as Julius Nyerere International Airport in Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro International Airport, and Zanzibar International Airport) or at border posts.

It is advisable to check if you are eligible for this option before traveling, as not all nationalities qualify.

Multiple Entry Visa:
If you plan to visit Tanzania multiple times within a year, you can apply for a multiple-entry visa. This visa allows you to enter the country several times over a 12-month period. It is particularly useful for business travelers.

This visa is usually available for up to 12 months, with each visit limited to 90 days.

Business Visa:
Travelers visiting Tanzania for business purposes will need a business visa. This visa is valid for up to 90 days and requires:
- An invitation letter from the business partner or company in Tanzania.
- Proof of business activities or contracts.
- Payment of the visa fee.

Business visas can also be obtained through the eVisa system or on arrival.

Transit Visa:
A transit visa is available for travelers who are passing through Tanzania en route to another destination and plan to stay for no more than seven days. This visa is intended for short stopovers and is not meant for tourism.

Volunteer or Work Visa:
If you are planning to work or volunteer in Tanzania, you will need to apply for a work permit or a volunteer visa before arrival. The application process usually involves approval from both the Tanzanian Ministry of Labor and Immigration authorities, and it may take several weeks to process.

East Africa Tourist Visa:
For travelers visiting multiple East African countries (Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania), the East Africa Tourist Visa allows entry to all three countries on a single visa. However, as of now, Tanzania does not fully participate in this visa scheme, but it may be worth checking for updates as regional visa initiatives evolve.

eVisa Application:
The Tanzania eVisa system allows travelers to apply for a visa online before their trip. It is often the most convenient option for tourists, avoiding the need for visa-on-arrival queues at the airport.

To apply for an eVisa:
- Complete the online application form.
- Upload a passport-size photo and scanned copy of your passport.
- Pay the visa fee using a credit or debit card.
- Receive the eVisa via email, which you will present upon arrival.

Conclusion:
Before visiting Tanzania, check the visa requirements specific to your nationality and the purpose of your visit. Most tourists can either apply for an eVisa online or obtain a visa on arrival. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your planned departure date and that you have all the necessary documentation, including proof of onward travel. For more detailed information, consult the Tanzanian immigration website or your nearest Tanzanian embassy.

In recent years, Tanzania has experienced isolated but concerning incidents related to terrorism.

In recent years, Tanzania has experienced isolated but concerning incidents related to terrorism. The most significant threat comes from ISIS-Mozambique, which has been active near the Tanzania-Mozambique border, particularly in the Mtwara region. This area has seen spillover violence from extremist groups involved in the insurgency in northern Mozambique, as fighters occasionally cross into Tanzanian territory to conduct attacks or to seek refuge. These activities have heightened security concerns along the border.

One notable terrorist-related event occurred in August 2021 when a gunman killed three police officers and a private security guard near the French Embassy in Dar es Salaam. The attacker was later killed by police, but the incident raised questions about potential links to Tanzania's involvement in fighting terrorism in neighboring Mozambique, as the country had recently sent troops to help combat Islamist insurgents in Cabo Delgado.

While Tanzania has largely remained stable, authorities are increasing their counterterrorism efforts, particularly in areas vulnerable to extremist infiltration from neighboring countries. Travelers are advised to remain vigilant in certain regions, particularly near the Mozambique border.

Before visiting Tanzania, it is essential to receive certain vaccinations and take preventive health measures to protect yourself from common diseases in the region. Here are the recommended vaccines:

Routine Vaccinations:
Ensure you are up to date with routine vaccinations such as:

- MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP)
- Polio
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Influenza
- COVID-19

Hepatitis A:
Recommended for all travelers, as Hepatitis A can be contracted through contaminated food or water.

Hepatitis B:
Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with blood or body fluids. The vaccine is recommended, particularly if you plan to engage in activities that may expose you to these fluids (e.g., medical procedures or sexual contact).

Typhoid:
Typhoid fever is also spread through contaminated food and water, and vaccination is particularly important if you are staying with locals, visiting rural areas, or consuming food outside of major hotels.

Yellow Fever:
Yellow fever vaccination is mandatory if you are arriving from a country with a risk of yellow fever transmission. You may be asked to show a yellow fever vaccination certificate upon entry. While Tanzania is generally not a yellow fever risk area, this vaccine is essential if you’ve traveled through countries with yellow fever.

Malaria Prevention:
There is no vaccine for malaria, but it is widespread in Tanzania, particularly in rural and coastal regions. Travelers should take antimalarial medications (such as Malarone, Doxycycline, or Mefloquine) and practice preventive measures like using mosquito repellent, wearing long sleeves, and sleeping under mosquito nets.

Rabies:
Rabies is present in Tanzania, particularly in rural areas. The rabies vaccine is recommended for travelers involved in activities that could bring them into contact with animals, such as trekking or volunteering with animals, or for those staying for extended periods in rural regions.

Cholera:
Cholera outbreaks occur sporadically in Tanzania, particularly in regions with poor sanitation. The cholera vaccine is recommended for travelers at high risk, such as those going to areas with known outbreaks or staying in places with inadequate sanitation.

Meningococcal Meningitis:
If traveling during meningitis season (December to June) or to regions where outbreaks are known to occur, especially in crowded settings, the meningococcal meningitis vaccine is advised.

Traveler’s Diarrhea:
Though not a vaccine, it is helpful to carry oral rehydration salts and anti-diarrheal medication. You should drink bottled or boiled water and avoid ice and undercooked foods to minimize the risk of traveler’s diarrhea.

Conclusion:
Before visiting Tanzania, consult with a healthcare provider or travel clinic 4–6 weeks prior to your trip to receive tailored advice based on your health status and travel plans. In addition to receiving the necessary vaccinations, you should take preventive measures to avoid insect bites, stay hydrated, and practice good hygiene to reduce the risk of illness during your travels.

Public Transportation in Tanzania:
Public transportation in Tanzania is limited and varies significantly between urban centers like Dar es Salaam and rural areas. Here’s an overview of the main options:

Buses:

City Buses: Major cities, such as Dar es Salaam, have an urban bus service known as DART (Dar Rapid Transit), which is more reliable and widely used by locals. It serves several routes and is relatively affordable.

Intercity Buses: There are long-distance buses connecting major cities like Arusha, Moshi, Dar es Salaam, and Dodoma. Companies like Shabiby, Tahmeed, and Kilimanjaro Express offer bus services, but road safety and schedules can vary. Buses can be overcrowded, and road conditions between cities may be poor.

Minibuses/Daladalas: Common in both cities and rural areas, daladalas are shared minibuses that are cheap but often overcrowded and considered less safe due to poor maintenance and reckless driving.

Taxis and Ride-hailing:
Taxis are available in most urban areas but are often unmetered, so it’s important to negotiate fares before starting the journey. Ride-hailing apps like Uber and Bolt are operational in cities like Dar es Salaam, providing a more convenient and safer alternative to traditional taxis.

Motorcycle Taxis (Boda Bodas):
Boda bodas are popular, especially in more rural areas or congested urban environments. They offer an affordable way to navigate through traffic, but they can be dangerous due to high accident rates and inconsistent use of helmets.

Trains:
Tanzania has a rail network, including the Tanzania-Zambia Railway (TAZARA), which links Dar es Salaam to Zambia and passes through various towns and cities. While this is a scenic option, train services are often unreliable and prone to delays.

Ferries:
Ferries are important for travel between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, as well as other coastal destinations. The ferries between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar are frequent, with services offered by companies like Azam Marine.

Driving in Tanzania
If you prefer to drive in Tanzania, here are the key requirements:

Driving License:
Tourists can drive in Tanzania using their home country’s driving license for a limited period (up to 3 months) if it is written in English or accompanied by an International Driving Permit (IDP).

If your license is not in English, an IDP is recommended and accepted alongside your original license.

Road Conditions:
Main roads between major cities are generally paved and in good condition, but rural roads are often unpaved and can become impassable during the rainy season.

A 4x4 vehicle is recommended if you plan to travel to rural areas, national parks, or during the rainy season.

Driving Challenges:
Traffic in cities like Dar es Salaam can be congested, and reckless driving is common. Night driving is generally discouraged due to poor road lighting and the risk of encountering pedestrians or animals on the road.

Road safety: Tanzania has a high rate of road accidents, so defensive driving is essential.

Conclusion:
Public transportation in Tanzania is available but can be unreliable and unsafe, especially in rural areas. Buses and daladalas are common but often overcrowded. Taxis, ride-hailing services, and ferries offer safer and more comfortable travel options in urban areas. If you plan to drive, ensure you have the appropriate license, and be prepared for varied road conditions, especially in remote areas where a 4x4 vehicle may be necessary.